Democrats dislike Republicans more than Republicans dislike Democrats, studies find

A series of new studies published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology suggests that Democrats in the United States tend to express more dislike toward Republicans than Republicans do toward Democrats. Across five studies and two additional experiments, researchers found this partisan asymmetry was linked to Democrats’ belief that Republicans pose harm to disadvantaged groups, particularly racial and ethnic minorities. This perception appears to drive stronger feelings of moral condemnation and social rejection, especially when individuals encounter someone from the opposing party.

Political polarization in the United States has been growing for decades, not just in terms of disagreement over policies but in the form of personal animosity between ordinary Democrats and Republicans. This phenomenon—often referred to as “affective polarization” or “partisan dislike”—has become a defining feature of the American political landscape. People increasingly avoid socializing, marrying, or even living near those who support the opposite party.

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